Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00058)
Name Glutamic acid
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
(+)-Estrone; (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoate; (1S)-2-[(3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]-1-{[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]methyl}ethyl (10E)-nonadec-10-enoic acid; (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid; (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate; (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid; (3R,4S,5R)-5-[(1R)-1-Carboxy-2,2-difluoro-1-(phosphonooxy)ethoxy]-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate; (R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid; (R)-Glycerate; (R)-Glyceric acid; (S)-(+)-Glutamate; (S)-(+)-Glutamic acid; (S)-2-Aminopentanedioate; (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid; (S)-Glutamate; (S)-Glutamic acid; 1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one; 1-Amino-2-hydroxyethane; 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate; 1-Amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid; 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate; 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid; 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose; 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose; 2 Aminoethanol; 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose; 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose; 2-Amino-1-ethanol; 2-Amino-ethanol; 2-Aminoethan-1-ol; 2-Aminoethanol; 2-Aminoethyl alcohol; 2-Aminoglutarate; 2-Aminoglutaric acid; 2-Aminopentanedioate; 2-Aminopentanedioic acid; 2-Ethanolamine; 2-Hydroxyethanamine; 2-Hydroxyethylamine; 3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one; 3-Hydroxy-17-keto-estra-1,3,5-triene; 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one; 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one; 3-Hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one; 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine; 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid-24-glycine; Acetylglucosamine; Acide glutamique; Acido glutamico; Acidum glutamicum; Aciglut; Aethanolamin; Aluminum L glutamate; Aluminum L-glutamate; Aminoethanol; Aminoglutarate; Aminoglutaric acid; Cholylglycine; Colamine; D Glutamate; D-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid; D-GlcNAc; D-Glutamate; D-Glycerate; D-Glyceric acid; D-GroA; D1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-3-ol-17-one; E; ETA; Envision conditioner PDD 9020; Estrone, (+-)-isomer; Estrone, (8 alpha)-isomer; Estrone, (9 beta)-isomer; Estrovarin; Ethylolamine; Follicular hormone; Folliculin; GLUTAMIC ACID; Glt; Glu; Glusate; Glut; Glutacid; Glutamate; Glutamate, potassium; Glutamic acid, (D)-isomer; Glutamicol; Glutamidex; Glutaminate; Glutaminic acid; Glutaminol; Glutaton; Glycerate; Glycine cholate; Glycinol; Glycocholate; Glycocholate sodium; Glycocholic acid, sodium salt; Glycoreductodehydrocholic acid; Glycylcholate; Glycylcholic acid; H-Glycinol; Hauck brand OF estrone; Hea; Hyrex brand OF estrone; Kestrone; L Glutamate; L Glutamic acid; L-(+)-Glutamate; L-(+)-Glutamic acid; L-Glu; L-Glutamate; L-Glutamate, aluminum; L-Glutaminate; L-Glutaminic acid; L-Glutaminsaeure; L-a-Aminoglutarate; L-a-Aminoglutaric acid; L-alpha-Aminoglutarate; L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid; MEA; MONOETHANOLAMINE; Monoaethanolamin; N Acetyl D glucosamine; N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine; N-Acetylchitosamine; N-Choloyl-glycine; N-Choloylglycine; N-[(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine; Oestrone; Olamine; Potassium glutamate; R-Glycerate; R-Glyceric acid; Unigen; Vortech brand OF estrone; Wehgen; a,b-Hydroxypropionate; a,b-Hydroxypropionic acid; a-Aminoglutarate; a-Aminoglutaric acid; a-Glutamate; a-Glutamic acid; alpha,beta-Hydroxypropionic acid; alpha-Aminoglutarate; alpha-Aminoglutaric acid; alpha-Glutamate; alpha-Glutamic acid; beta-Aminoethanol; beta-Aminoethyl alcohol; beta-Ethanolamine; beta-Hydroxyethylamine
Source Endogenous;Escherichia Coli Metabolite;Yeast Metabolite;Food;Carcinogenic Potency;Drug;Agricultural Chemicals;Toxins/Pollutant;Cosmetic;Food additives;TCM Ingredients;Microbial
Structure Type   Amino acids, peptides, and analogues  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
PubChem CID
33032
HMDB ID
HMDB0000148
Formula
C5H9NO4
Structure
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3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C00025
DrugBank ID
DB00142
ChEBI ID
16015
FooDB ID
FDB012535
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 147.13 Topological Polar Surface Area 101
XlogP -3.7 Complexity 145
Heavy Atom Count 10 Rotatable Bond Count 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 3 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 5
Function
Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Moreover, glutamic acid is found to be associated with N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulated by This Metabolite
      GPCR glutamate (GPCR-3)
            Glutamate receptor mGLU1 (mGluR1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Glutamic acid addition (0.5 hour)
                      Induced Change GRM1 protein activity levels: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that glutamic acid addition causes the decrease of GRM1 protein activity compared with control group.
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP)
            N-system amino acid transporter 1 (NAT-1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A6
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A6 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 9 (SLC38A9) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Truncation of SLC38A9
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that truncation of SLC38A9 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Sodium-coupled neutral amino transporter 10 (SLC38A10) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A10
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A10 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A10
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A10 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SLC38A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of SLC38A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase (FC = 1.24)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SLC38A2 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 38 member 3 (SLC38A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [6]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Slc38a3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Slc38a3 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [6]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC38A3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC38A3 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Amino acid/polyamine transporter (AAPT)
            Cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [7]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Slc7a11
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Slc7a11 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS)
            Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (SLC1A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   4 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [8]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A3 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid (TBHA)) of SLC1A3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A3 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (L-serine-O-sulfate (SOS)) of SLC1A3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A3 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (4) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicar-boxylic acid (PDC)) of SLC1A3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A3 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (SLC1A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   5 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [8]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A2 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (Dihydrokainic Acid (DHK)) of SLC1A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A2 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid (TBHA)) of SLC1A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A2 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (4) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (Kainic acid (KA)) of SLC1A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A2 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (5) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicar-boxylic acid (PDC)) of SLC1A2
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A2 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (SLC1A1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   7 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [10]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (p.I395del) of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Nephropathic cystinosis [ICD-11: 5C60]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (p.I395del) of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [10]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (p.R445W) of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Nephropathic cystinosis [ICD-11: 5C60]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (p.R445W) of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [11]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Motor neuron disease [ICD-11: 8B60]
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (4) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [8]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A1 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (5) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid (TBHA)) of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (6) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (L-serine-O-sulfate (SOS)) of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (7) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicar-boxylic acid (PDC)) of SLC1A1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of SLC1A1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 (SLC1A7) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [8]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A7
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A7 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Neutral amino acid transporter A (SLC1A4) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [12]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC1A4
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease (FC = 0.93)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC1A4 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      GPCR rhodopsin (GPCR-1)
            Adrenergic receptor beta-3 (ADRB3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [13]
                      Introduced Variation Agonist (CL-316,243) of Adrb3
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that agonist of ADRB3 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      GPCR secretin (GPCR-2)
            Glucagon receptor (GCGR) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [14]
                      Introduced Variation Antagonist (GRA1) of GCGR
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome [ICD-11: 5A20]
                      Details It is reported that antagonist of GCGR leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [15]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Gcgr
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase (FC = 2.4)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Type 2 diabetes mellitus [ICD-11: 5A11]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of GCGR leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Hydrolases (EC 3)
            Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [16]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Naglu
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Lysosomal storage diseases [ICD-11: 5C56]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Naglu leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            GTPase KRas (KRAS) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [17]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of KRAS
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease (FC = 0.59)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of KRAS leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Leukotriene-C4 hydrolase (GGT1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [18]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of GGT1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Renal cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C90]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of GGT1 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Oxidoreductases (EC 1)
            D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [19]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of BDH1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of BDH1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [20]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Gclm
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase (FC = 1.70)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Metabolic liver disease [ICD-11: 5C90]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Gclm leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [21]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of L2hgdh
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease (FC= 0.78)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Organic acid disorderss [ICD-11: 5C50]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of L2hgdh leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Pore-forming PNC peptide (PNC)
            Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [22]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of TP53
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease (Log2 FC=0.87)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Colon cancer [ICD-11: 2B90]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of TP53 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [22]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of TP53
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase (Log2 FC=1.1)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Colon cancer [ICD-11: 2B90]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of TP53 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Sodium/anion cotransporter (SAC)
            Sialin (HP59) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [23]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (K136E) of SLC17A5
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Lysosomal storage diseases [ICD-11: 5C56]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (K136E) of SLC17A5 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [23]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (R39C) of SLC17A5
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Lysosomal storage diseases [ICD-11: 5C56]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (R39C) of SLC17A5 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Transcription factor (TF)
            Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [24]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of MYC
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Colorectal cancer [ICD-11: 2B91]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of MYC leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Transcriptional coactivator (TC)
            PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [25]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Ppargc1a
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Ppargc1a leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [25]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Ppargc1a
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Ppargc1a leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Transferases (EC 2)
            Deacetylase sirtuin-5 (SIRT5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [26]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Sirt5
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease (FC = 0.90)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Sirt5 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [27]
                      Introduced Variation Inhibition (Cysmethynil) of ICMT
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60]
                      Details It is reported that inhibition of ICMT leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            SNF-related serine/threonine-protein kinase (SNRK) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [28]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of SNRK
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SNRK leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
            Succinyl CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [19]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of OXCT1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12]
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of OXCT1 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [19]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of OXCT1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of OXCT1 leads to the decrease of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
      Zinc finger protein (ZIN)
            Protein snail homolog 1 (SNAI1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [29]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of SNAI1
                      Induced Change Glutamic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of Snai1 leads to the increase of glutamic acid levels compared with control group.
References
1 [3H]R214127: a novel high-affinity radioligand for the mGlu1 receptor reveals a common binding site shared by multiple allosteric antagonists. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 May;63(5):1082-93.
2 Glutamine Uptake via SNAT6 and Caveolin Regulates Glutamine-Glutamate Cycle. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 25;22(3):1167.
3 mTORC1 Activator SLC38A9 Is Required to Efflux Essential Amino Acids from Lysosomes and Use Protein as a Nutrient. Cell. 2017 Oct 19;171(3):642-654.e12.
4 The neuronal and astrocytic protein SLC38A10 transports glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate, suggesting a role in neurotransmission. FEBS Open Bio. 2017 Apr 26;7(6):730-746.
5 SNAT2 silencing prevents the osmotic induction of transport system A and hinders cell recovery from hypertonic stress. FEBS Lett. 2005 Jun 20;579(16):3376-80.
6 Loss of function mutation of the Slc38a3 glutamine transporter reveals its critical role for amino acid metabolism in the liver, brain, and kidney. Pflugers Arch. 2016 Feb;468(2):213-27.
7 Cloning and expression of a plasma membrane cystine/glutamate exchange transporter composed of two distinct proteins. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 23;274(17):11455-8.
8 Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):4155-60.
9 Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J Neurosci. 1994 Sep;14(9):5559-69.
10 Loss-of-function mutations in the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. J Clin Invest. 2011 Jan;121(1):446-53.
11 Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature. 1992 Dec 3;360(6403):467-71.
12 ASCT1 (Slc1a4) transporter is a physiologic regulator of brain d-serine and neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Sep 18;115(38):9628-9633.
13 Metabolic changes in adipose tissues in response to 3 -adrenergic receptor activation in mice. J Cell Biochem. 2019 Jan;120(1):821-835.
14 Anti-diabetic efficacy and impact on amino acid metabolism of GRA1, a novel small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49572.
15 Polyomic profiling reveals significant hepatic metabolic alterations in glucagon-receptor (GCGR) knockout mice: implications on anti-glucagon therapies for diabetes. BMC Genomics. 2011 Jun 1;12:281.
16 Near-Complete Correction of Profound Metabolomic Impairments Corresponding to Functional Benefit in MPS IIIB Mice after IV rAAV9-hNAGLU Gene Delivery. Mol Ther. 2017 Mar 1;25(3):792-802.
17 Capturing the metabolomic diversity of KRAS mutants in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2014 Jul 15;5(13):4722-31.
18 Impairment of gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 activity in the metabolic pathogenesis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jul 3;115(27):E6274-E6282.
19 Hepatocellular carcinoma redirects to ketolysis for progression under nutrition deprivation stress. Cell Res. 2016 Oct;26(10):1112-1130.
20 Hepatic metabolic adaptation in a murine model of glutathione deficiency. Chem Biol Interact. 2019 Apr 25;303:1-6.
21 A mouse model of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a disorder of metabolite repair. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 12;10(3):e0119540.
22 Integrative omics analysis of p53-dependent regulation of metabolism. FEBS Lett. 2018 Feb;592(3):380-393.
23 Functional characterization of vesicular excitatory amino acid transport by human sialin. J Neurochem. 2011 Oct;119(1):1-5.
24 Global metabolic reprogramming of colorectal cancer occurs at adenoma stage and is induced by MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 12;114(37):E7697-E7706.
25 PGC-1-mediated branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91006.
26 Metabolomics Based Identification of SIRT5 and Protein Kinase C Epsilon Regulated Pathways in Brain. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jan 30;12:32.
27 Isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase regulates mitochondrial respiration and cancer cell metabolism. Oncogene. 2015 Jun;34(25):3296-304.
28 Sucrose Nonfermenting-Related Kinase Enzyme-Mediated Rho-Associated Kinase Signaling is Responsible for Cardiac Function. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2016 Dec;9(6):474-486.
29 Snail reprograms glucose metabolism by repressing phosphofructokinase PFKP allowing cancer cell survival under metabolic stress. Nat Commun. 2017 Feb 8;8:14374.

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