Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00183)
Name Alanine
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
(2S)-2-Aminopropanoate; (2S)-2-Aminopropanoic acid; (S)-(+)-Alanine; (S)-2-Amino-propanoate; (S)-2-Amino-propanoic acid; (S)-2-Aminopropanoate; (S)-2-Aminopropanoic acid; (S)-Alanine; 2-Aminopropanoate; 2-Aminopropanoic acid; 2-Aminopropionate; 2-Aminopropionic acid; 2-Ammoniopropanoate; 2-Ammoniopropanoic acid; A; ALANINE; Ala; Alanine doms-adrian brand; Alanine, L isomer; Alanine, L-isomer; Doms adrian brand OF alanine; Doms-adrian brand OF alanine; L Alanine; L-(+)-Alanine; L-2-Aminopropanoate; L-2-Aminopropanoic acid; L-2-Aminopropionate; L-2-Aminopropionic acid; L-Alanin; L-Isomer alanine; L-a-Aminopropionate; L-a-Aminopropionic acid; L-alpha-Alanine; L-alpha-Aminopropionate; a-Alanine; a-Aminopropionate; a-Aminopropionic acid; alpha-Alanine; alpha-Aminopropanoate; alpha-Aminopropanoic acid; alpha-Aminopropionate; alpha-Aminopropionic acid
Source Aliphatic acyclic compounds
Structure Type   Amino acids, peptides, and analogues  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
PubChem CID
5950
HMDB ID
HMDB0000161
Formula
C3H7NO2
Structure
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3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C00041
DrugBank ID
DB00160
ChEBI ID
16977
FooDB ID
FDB000556
ChemSpider ID
5735
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 89.09 Topological Polar Surface Area 63.3
XlogP -3 Complexity 61.8
Heavy Atom Count 6 Rotatable Bond Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 3
Function
Alanine is a non-essential amino acid made in the body from either the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (branched-chain amino acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine reduces both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine, and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). L-Alanine has been found to be associated with glucagon deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP)
            Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 9 (SLC38A9) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Truncation of SLC38A9
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that truncation of SLC38A9 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Sodium-coupled neutral amino transporter 10 (SLC38A10) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A10
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A10 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A10
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A10 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Sodium-coupled neutral amino transporter 8 (SLC38A8) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A8
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A8 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 36 member 1 (SLC36A1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC36A1
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC36A1 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 36 member 2 (SLC36A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC36A2
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC36A2 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SLC38A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of SLC38A2
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase (FC = 1.80)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SLC38A2 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [6]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A2
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A2 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 38 member 3 (SLC38A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [7]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Slc38a3
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Slc38a3 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [7]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC38A3
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC38A3 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 38 member 5 (SLC38A5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [8]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC38A5
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC38A5 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS)
            Neutral amino acid transporter A (SLC1A4) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   3 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [9]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC1A4
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC1A4 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [10]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC1A4
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC1A4 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [10]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC1A4
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase (FC = 1.40 - 1.60)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC1A4 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      GPCR rhodopsin (GPCR-1)
            Adrenergic receptor beta-3 (ADRB3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [11]
                      Introduced Variation Agonist (CL-316,243) of Adrb3
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that agonist of ADRB3 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      GPCR secretin (GPCR-2)
            Glucagon receptor (GCGR) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [12]
                      Introduced Variation Antagonist (GRA1) of GCGR
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome [ICD-11: 5A20]
                      Details It is reported that antagonist of GCGR leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [13]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Gcgr
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase (FC = 5.1)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Type 2 diabetes mellitus [ICD-11: 5A11]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of GCGR leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Hydrolases (EC 3)
            Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [14]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Naglu
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Lysosomal storage diseases [ICD-11: 5C56]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Naglu leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Leukotriene-C4 hydrolase (GGT1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [15]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of GGT1
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Renal cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C90]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of GGT1 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Sulfatase sulf-1 (SULF1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [16]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of SULF1
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease (FC = 0.47 / 0.48)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SULF1 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Oxidoreductases (EC 1)
            L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [17]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (Nonsense mutations or missense mutations) of L2hgdh
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Melanoma [ICD-11: 2C30]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (nonsense mutations or missense mutations leading to KMT2D loss) of L2hgdh leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF)
            Neurotransmitter transporter NTT4 (SLC6A17) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [18]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of Slc6a17
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease (FC = 0.50)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of Slc6a17 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [18]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Slc6a17
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase (FC = 2.06)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Slc6a17 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Transcription factor (TF)
            Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [19]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Foxo1
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease (FC = 0.70)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Foxo1 leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
            Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [20]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of MYC
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Colorectal cancer [ICD-11: 2B91]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of MYC leads to the decrease of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Transcriptional coactivator (TC)
            PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [21]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of Ppargc1a
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of Ppargc1a leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
      Transferases (EC 2)
            Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 (MGAT5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [22]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Mgat5
                      Induced Change Alanine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Mgat5 leads to the increase of alanine levels compared with control group.
References
1 mTORC1 Activator SLC38A9 Is Required to Efflux Essential Amino Acids from Lysosomes and Use Protein as a Nutrient. Cell. 2017 Oct 19;171(3):642-654.e12.
2 The neuronal and astrocytic protein SLC38A10 transports glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate, suggesting a role in neurotransmission. FEBS Open Bio. 2017 Apr 26;7(6):730-746.
3 Transport of L-glutamine, L-alanine, L-arginine and L-histidine by the neuron-specific Slc38a8 (SNAT8) in CNS. J Mol Biol. 2015 Mar 27;427(6 Pt B):1495-1512.
4 Functional characterization of two novel mammalian electrogenic proton-dependent amino acid cotransporters. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 21;277(25):22966-73.
5 SNAT2 silencing prevents the osmotic induction of transport system A and hinders cell recovery from hypertonic stress. FEBS Lett. 2005 Jun 20;579(16):3376-80.
6 Primary structure, functional characteristics and tissue expression pattern of human ATA2, a subtype of amino acid transport system A. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jul 31;1467(1):1-6.
7 Loss of function mutation of the Slc38a3 glutamine transporter reveals its critical role for amino acid metabolism in the liver, brain, and kidney. Pflugers Arch. 2016 Feb;468(2):213-27.
8 Structure, function, and tissue expression pattern of human SN2, a subtype of the amino acid transport system N. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Mar;281(5):1343-8.
9 Cloning and expression of a novel Na(+)-dependent neutral amino acid transporter structurally related to mammalian Na+/glutamate cotransporters. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15351-5.
10 ASCT1 (Slc1a4) transporter is a physiologic regulator of brain d-serine and neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Sep 18;115(38):9628-9633.
11 Metabolic changes in adipose tissues in response to 3 -adrenergic receptor activation in mice. J Cell Biochem. 2019 Jan;120(1):821-835.
12 Anti-diabetic efficacy and impact on amino acid metabolism of GRA1, a novel small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49572.
13 Polyomic profiling reveals significant hepatic metabolic alterations in glucagon-receptor (GCGR) knockout mice: implications on anti-glucagon therapies for diabetes. BMC Genomics. 2011 Jun 1;12:281.
14 Near-Complete Correction of Profound Metabolomic Impairments Corresponding to Functional Benefit in MPS IIIB Mice after IV rAAV9-hNAGLU Gene Delivery. Mol Ther. 2017 Mar 1;25(3):792-802.
15 Impairment of gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 activity in the metabolic pathogenesis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jul 3;115(27):E6274-E6282.
16 Erratum to: Loss of HSulf-1 promotes altered lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer. Cancer Metab. 2014 Nov 4;2:24.
17 Enhancer Reprogramming Confers Dependence on Glycolysis and IGF Signaling in KMT2D Mutant Melanoma. Cell Rep. 2020 Oct 20;33(3):108293.
18 The orphan transporter Rxt1/NTT4 (SLC6A17) functions as a synaptic vesicle amino acid transporter selective for proline, glycine, leucine, and alanine. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;74(6):1521-32.
19 Metabolomic analysis of C2C12 myoblasts induced by the transcription factor FOXO1. FEBS Lett. 2019 Jun;593(12):1303-1312.
20 Global metabolic reprogramming of colorectal cancer occurs at adenoma stage and is induced by MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 12;114(37):E7697-E7706.
21 PGC-1-mediated branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91006.
22 N-glycan remodeling on glucagon receptor is an effector of nutrient sensing by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jun 6;289(23):15927-41.

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