Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00131)
Name Adenine
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
1,6-Dihydro-6-iminopurine; 1H-Purin-6-amine; 1H-Purine-6-amine; 3,6-Dihydro-6-iminopurine; 4, Vitamin b; 6-Amino-1H-purine; 6-Amino-3H-purine; 6-Amino-7H-purine; 6-Amino-9H-purine; 6-Amino-purine; 6-Aminopurine; 9H-Purin-6-amine; 9H-Purin-6-yl-amin; 9H-Purin-6-ylamine; 9H-Purine-6-amine; A; Ade; Adenin; Adeninimine; Leucon; Vitamin b 4; Vitamin b4; b 4, Vitamin
Source Endogenous;Escherichia Coli Metabolite;Yeast Metabolite;Food;Drug;Toxins/Pollutant;Cosmetic;TCM Ingredients;Microbial
Structure Type   Purines and purine derivatives  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Imidazopyrimidines
Purines and purine derivatives
PubChem CID
190
HMDB ID
HMDB0000034
Formula
C5H5N5
Structure
<iframe style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" frameborder="0" src="https://embed.molview.org/v1/?mode=balls&cid=190"></iframe>
3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C00147
DrugBank ID
DB00173
ChEBI ID
16708
FooDB ID
FDB012266
ChemSpider ID
185
METLIN ID
85
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 135.13 Topological Polar Surface Area 80.5
XlogP -0.1 Complexity 127
Heavy Atom Count 10 Rotatable Bond Count N.A.
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4
Function
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300).
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Hydrolases (EC 3)
            Leukotriene-C4 hydrolase (GGT1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of GGT1
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Renal cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C90]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of GGT1 leads to the increase of adenine levels compared with control group.
            Sulfatase sulf-1 (SULF1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (shRNA) of SULF1
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: increase (FC = 1.52)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SULF1 leads to the increase of adenine levels compared with control group.
      Lyases (EC 4)
            Selenocysteine lyase (SCLY) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Scly
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Scly leads to the decrease of adenine levels compared with control group.
      Nitrogen permease regulator (NPR)
            Natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Deletion of NPR2
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that deletion of NPR2 leads to the increase of adenine levels compared with control group.
      Transferases (EC 2)
            Deacetylase sirtuin-5 (SIRT5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Sirt5
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: increase (FC = 1.26)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Sirt5 leads to the increase of adenine levels compared with control group.
            Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [6]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout (CRISPR/Cas9 sgRNA) of Pdxk
                      Induced Change Adenine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Acute myeloid leukaemia [ICD-11: 2A60]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Pdxk leads to the decrease of adenine levels compared with control group.
References
1 Impairment of gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 activity in the metabolic pathogenesis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jul 3;115(27):E6274-E6282.
2 Erratum to: Loss of HSulf-1 promotes altered lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer. Cancer Metab. 2014 Nov 4;2:24.
3 Combined Omics Reveals That Disruption of the Selenocysteine Lyase Gene Affects Amino Acid Pathways in Mice. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 26;11(11):2584.
4 Npr2 inhibits TORC1 to prevent inappropriate utilization of glutamine for biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing metabolites. Sci Signal. 2014 Dec 16;7(356):ra120.
5 Metabolomics Based Identification of SIRT5 and Protein Kinase C Epsilon Regulated Pathways in Brain. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jan 30;12:32.
6 Vitamin B6 Addiction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell. 2020 Jan 13;37(1):71-84.e7.

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