Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00130)
Name Carnosine
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
Carnosine hydrochloride; Carnosine, (D-his)-isomer; Hydrochloride, carnosine; Ignotine; Karnozin; Karnozzn; L Carnosine; L-Carnosine; N-(3-Aminopropanoyl)histidine; N-(b-Alanyl)-L-histidine; N-b-Alanyl-L-histidine; N-beta-Alanyl-L-histidine; Nalpha-(beta-alanyl)-L-histidine; Sevitin; b-Alanyl-L-histidine; b-Alanylhistidine; beta Alanylhistidine; beta-Alanyl-L-histidine; beta-Alanylhistidine
Source Endogenous;Yeast Metabolite;Food;Cosmetic;TCM Ingredients;Microbial
Structure Type   Hybrid peptides  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organic acids and derivatives
Peptidomimetics
Hybrid peptides
PubChem CID
439224
HMDB ID
HMDB0000033
Formula
C9H14N4O3
Structure
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3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C00386
DrugBank ID
DB11695
ChEBI ID
15727
FooDB ID
FDB005612
ChemSpider ID
388363
METLIN ID
38
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 226.23 Topological Polar Surface Area 121
XlogP -4 Complexity 259
Heavy Atom Count 16 Rotatable Bond Count 6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 4 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 5
Function
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. It is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistic patients take it as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some antioxidant effects. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ROS and free radicals scavenging ability. Carnosine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Carnosine is found to be associated with carnosinuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP)
            Solute carrier family 38 member 3 (SLC38A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Slc38a3
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Slc38a3 leads to the increase of carnosine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC38A3
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC38A3 leads to the increase of carnosine levels compared with control group.
      Apolipoprotein (Apo)
            Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (-265T >C(rs5082)) of APOA2
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: decrease (FC = 0.04)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Obesity [ICD-11: 5B81]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (-265T >C(rs5082)) of APOA2 leads to the decrease of carnosine levels compared with control group.
      Hydrolases (EC 3)
            Carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Cndp1
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Cndp1 leads to the increase of carnosine levels compared with control group.
      Pore-forming PNC peptide (PNC)
            Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of TP53
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: decrease (Log2 FC=0.64)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Colon cancer [ICD-11: 2B90]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of TP53 leads to the decrease of carnosine levels compared with control group.
      Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR)
            Solute carrier family 15 member 3 (SLC15A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of SLC15A3
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Brain cancer [ICD-11: 2A00]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SLC15A3 leads to the decrease of carnosine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [6]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC15A4
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: increase (FC = 10)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC15A4 leads to the increase of carnosine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [7]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (L14A, L15A, L318A, V319A) of SLC15A4
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: increase (FC = 2 - 4)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that mutation (L14A and L15A or L318A and V319A) of SLC15A4 leads to the increase of carnosine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier SLC15A1 (PEPT1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of SLC15A1
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Brain cancer [ICD-11: 2A00]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SLC15A1 leads to the decrease of carnosine levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier SLC15A2 (PEPT2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Knockdown (siRNA) of SLC15A2
                      Induced Change Carnosine concentration: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Brain cancer [ICD-11: 2A00]
                      Details It is reported that knockdown of SLC15A2 leads to the decrease of carnosine levels compared with control group.
References
1 Loss of function mutation of the Slc38a3 glutamine transporter reveals its critical role for amino acid metabolism in the liver, brain, and kidney. Pflugers Arch. 2016 Feb;468(2):213-27.
2 Epigenomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of the APOA2-saturated fat intake interaction affecting obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Jul 1;108(1):188-200.
3 A Global Cndp1-Knock-Out Selectively Increases Renal Carnosine and Anserine Concentrations in an Age- and Gender-Specific Manner in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 10;21(14):4887.
4 Integrative omics analysis of p53-dependent regulation of metabolism. FEBS Lett. 2018 Feb;592(3):380-393.
5 The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters PEPT2, PHT1 and PHT2 mediate the uptake of carnosine in glioblastoma cells. Amino Acids. 2019 Jul;51(7):999-1008.
6 Cloning and functional expression of a brain peptide/histidine transporter. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 11;272(15):10205-11.
7 Functional Characterization of Human Peptide/Histidine Transporter 1 in Stably Transfected MDCK Cells. Mol Pharm. 2018 Feb 5;15(2):385-393.

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