Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00220)
Name Thyroxine
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
(-)-Thyroxine', 3,3',5,5''-tetraiodo-L-Thyronine, 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine, 'D-Thyroxine; 3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine, 3,5,3',5'-TETRAIODO-L-thyronine, '4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-L-phenylalanine; Abbot brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Allphar brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Aventis brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Berlin chemie brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Berlin-chemie brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Berlthyrox; Betapharm brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Byk brand OF levothyroxine sodium; DL-Thyroxin; Deladande, levothyroxin; Delalande brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Delalande, levothyroxin; Dexnon; Eferox; Eltroxin; Eltroxine; Euthyrox; Eutirox; Forest brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Genpharm brand OF levothyroxine sodium; GlaxoSmithKline brand OF levothyroxine sodium; GlaxoWellcome brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Goldshield brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Henning berlin brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Henning', L-3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine, 'L-Thyroxin; Hexal brand 1 OF levothyroxine sodium; Hexal brand 2 OF levothyroxine sodium; Kern brand OF levothyroxine sodium; L Thyrox; L Thyroxin beta; L Thyroxin henning; L Thyroxine; L Thyroxine roche; L-T4; L-Thyrox; L-Thyroxin beta; L-Thyroxin henning; L-Thyroxine; L-Thyroxine roche; LT4; LThyroxin beta; LThyroxin henning; Laevothyroxinum; LevoT; Levothroid; Levothyroid; Levothyroxin; Levothyroxin delalande; Levothyroxine; Levothyroxine sodium; Levothyroxinum; Levoxine; Levoxyl; Merck brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Monarch brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Mova brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Nourypharma brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Novothyral; Novothyrox; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diidophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine', 3,5,3'5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine, 'Forthyron; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl) 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine; O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodotyrosine; Oroxine; Prestwick_548; Roche brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Rudefsa brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Sanofi synthelabo brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Sigma brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Sodium levothyroxine; Synthroid; Synthrox; T4; T4 Thyroid hormone; THX; Tetraiodothyronine; Tetramet; Thevier; Thyratabs; Thyrax; Thyreoideum; Thyroid hormone, T4; Thyroxin; Thyroxinal; Thyroxine I 125; Thyroxine iodine; Tiroidine; Tiroxina leo; Unithroid; Vortex brand OF levothyroxine sodium; Watson brand OF levothyroxine sodium; leo, Tiroxina; levo T; levo-T
Source Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
Structure Type   Amino acids, peptides, and analogues  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
HMDB ID
HMDB0000248
Formula
C15H11I4NO4
Structure
2D MOL
KEGG ID
C01829
DrugBank ID
DB00451
ChEBI ID
18332
ChemSpider ID
5614
Function
The thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature. Iodide is actively absorbed from the bloodstream and concentrated in the thyroid follicles. (If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid enlarges in an attempt to trap more iodine, resulting in goitre.) Via a reaction with the enzyme thyroperoxidase, iodine is covalently bound to tyrosine residues in the thyroglobulin molecules, forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). Linking two moieties of DIT produces thyroxine. Combining one particle of MIT and one particle of DIT produces triiodothyronine. Both T3 and T4 are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the gut, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine, the most commonly used synthetic thyroxine form, is a stereoisomer of physiological thyroxine, which is metabolized more slowly and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones, which are derived from pig thyroid glands, are a "natural" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T3 and traces of T2, T1 and calcitonin. this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature. The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. The thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Amino acid/polyamine transporter (AAPT)
            Integral membrane E16 (SLC7A5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC7A5
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC7A5 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
      Monocarboxylate porter (MNP)
            Solute carrier family 16 member 2 (SLC16A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   4 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (G558D) of SLC16A2
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase (FC = 2.3)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hypothyroidism [ICD-11: 5A00]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (G558D) of SLC16A2 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (S290A) of SLC16A2
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hypothyroidism [ICD-11: 5A00]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (S290A) of SLC16A2 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (S290F) of SLC16A2
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase (FC = 1.74)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hypothyroidism [ICD-11: 5A00]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (S290F) of SLC16A2 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (4) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC16A2
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC16A2 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
      Organo anion transporter (OAT)
            Organic anion transporter F (SLCO1C1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLCO1C1
                      Induced Change Thyroxine concentration: increase (FC = 11)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLCO1C1 leads to the increase of thyroxine levels compared with control group.
References
1 Transport of Iodothyronines by Human L-Type Amino Acid Transporters. Endocrinology. 2015 Nov;156(11):4345-55.
2 Mutations in MCT8 in patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley-syndrome affecting its cellular distribution. Mol Endocrinol. 2013 May;27(5):801-13.
3 Further Insights into the Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome: Clinical and Functional Characterization of a Novel MCT8 Mutation. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 1;10(10):e0139343.
4 Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;16(10):2283-96.

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