Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00136)
Name Ascorbic acid
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
(+)-Ascorbate; (+)-Ascorbic acid; (+)-Sodium L-ascorbate; 3-keto-L-Gulofuranolactone; 3-oxo-L-Gulofuranolactone; ASCOR; ASCORBIC ACID; Acid, L-ascorbic; Acid, ascorbic; Acide ascorbique; Acido ascorbico; Acidum ascorbicum; Acidum ascorbinicum; Adenex; Allercorb; Antiscorbic vitamin; Antiscorbutic vitamin; Ascoltin; Ascor-b.i.d.; Ascorb; Ascorbajen; Ascorbate; Ascorbate radical; Ascorbate, ferrous; Ascorbate, magnesium; Ascorbate, sodium; Ascorbic acid radical; Ascorbic acid, monosodium salt; Ascorbicab; Ascorbicap; Ascorbicin; Ascorbin; Ascorbinsaeure; Ascorbutina; Ascorin; Ascorteal; Ascorvit; C-Level; C-Long; C-Quin; C-Span; C-Vimin; Cantan; Cantaxin; Catavin C; Ce lent; Ce-mi-lin; Ce-vi-sol; Cebicure; Cebid; Cebion; Cebione; Cecon; Cee-caps TD; Cee-vite; Cegiolan; Ceglion; Ceklin; Celaskon; Celin; Cell C; Cemagyl; Cemill; Cenetone; Cenolate; Cereon; Cergona; Cescorbat; Cetamid; Cetane; Cetane-caps TC; Cetane-caps TD; Cetebe; Cetemican; Cevalin; Cevatine; Cevex; Cevi-bid; Cevimin; Cevital; Cevitamate; Cevitamic acid; Cevitamin; Cevitan; Cevitex; Cewin; Chewcee; Ciamin; Cipca; Citriscorb; Citrovit; Colascor; Concemin; Davitamon C; Di-L-ascorbate, magnesium; Dora-C-500; Duoscorb; Ferrous ascorbate; HiCee; Hybrin; Juvamine; Kangbingfeng; Kyselina askorbova; L Ascorbic acid; L(+)-Ascorbate; L(+)-Ascorbic acid; L-(+)-Ascorbate; L-(+)-Ascorbic acid; L-3-Ketothreohexuronic acid lactone; L-Ascorbate; L-Ascorbic acid; L-Lyxoascorbate; L-Lyxoascorbic acid; L-Xyloascorbate; L-Xyloascorbic acid; L-threo-Ascorbic acid; Laroscorbine; Lemascorb; Liqui-cee; Magnesium ascorbate; Magnesium ascorbicum; Magnesium di L ascorbate; Magnesium di-L-ascorbate; Magnorbin; Meri-c; Monodehydroascorbate radical; Monodehydroascorbic acid radical; Natrascorb; Natrascorb injectable; Planavit C; Proscorbin; Redoxon; Ribena; Ronotec 100; Rontex 100; Roscorbic; Rovimix C; Scorbacid; Scorbu C; Scorbu-C; Secorbate; Semidehydroascorbate; Semidehydroascorbic acid; Sodascorbate; Sodium ascorbate; Suncoat VC 40; Testascorbic; VASC; Vicelat; Vicin; Vicomin C; Viforcit; Viscorin; Viscorin 100m; Vitace; Vitacee; Vitacimin; Vitacin; Vitamin C; Vitamisin; Vitascorbol; Xitix; arco-Cee; e 300; e-300; e300; gamma-Lactone L-threo-hex-2-enonate; gamma-Lactone L-threo-hex-2-enonic acid; ido-C
Source Food;Escherichia Coli Metabolite;Food;Carcinogenic Potency;Drug;Agricultural Chemicals;Cosmetic;Food additives;TCM Ingredients;Microbial
Structure Type   Furanones  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Dihydrofurans
Furanones
PubChem CID
54670067
HMDB ID
HMDB0000044
Formula
C6H8O6
Structure
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3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C01041
DrugBank ID
DB00126
ChEBI ID
29073
FooDB ID
FDB001224
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 176.12 Topological Polar Surface Area 107
XlogP -1.6 Complexity 232
Heavy Atom Count 12 Rotatable Bond Count 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 4 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
Function
Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants. Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      GPCR secretin (GPCR-2)
            Glucagon receptor (GCGR) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Gcgr
                      Induced Change Ascorbic acid concentration: decrease (FC = 1.2)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Type 2 diabetes mellitus [ICD-11: 5A11]
                      Details It is reported that knockout of GCGR leads to the decrease of ascorbic acid levels compared with control group.
      Nucleobase/ascorbate transporter (NAT)
            Solute carrier family 23 member 1 (SLC23A1) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   3 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC23A1
                      Induced Change Ascorbic acid concentration: increase (FC = 15)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC23A1 leads to the increase of ascorbic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (His51Ala) of SLC23A1
                      Induced Change Ascorbic acid concentration: increase (FC = 6)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that mutation (His51Ala) of SLC23A1 leads to the increase of ascorbic acid levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (3) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [4]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Slc23a1
                      Induced Change Ascorbic acid concentration: decrease (FC = 3-18)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Slc23a1 leads to the decrease of ascorbic acid levels compared with control group.
            Solute carrier family 23 member 2 (SLC23A2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [5]
                      Introduced Variation Overexpression of SLC23A2
                      Induced Change Ascorbic acid concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that overexpression of SLC23A2 leads to the increase of ascorbic acid levels compared with control group.
References
1 Polyomic profiling reveals significant hepatic metabolic alterations in glucagon-receptor (GCGR) knockout mice: implications on anti-glucagon therapies for diabetes. BMC Genomics. 2011 Jun 1;12:281.
2 Human vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) transporter SVCT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jan 19;267(2):488-94.
3 Functional role of conserved transmembrane segment 1 residues in human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters. Biochemistry. 2008 Mar 4;47(9):2952-60.
4 Vitamin C transporter Slc23a1 links renal reabsorption, vitamin C tissue accumulation, and perinatal survival in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010 Apr;120(4):1069-83.
5 Human placental sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2): molecular cloning and transport function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 7;262(3):762-8.

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