Details of Metabolite

General Information of MET (ID: META00240)
Name Urea
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Metabolite
1728; ARF; Alphadrate; Basodexan; Bromisovalum; Bubber shet; Calmurid; Calmurid HC; Carbaderm; Carbamide; Carbamide resin; Carbonyl diamide; Carbonyl diamine; Carbonyldiamide; Carbonyldiamine; Carmol; H2NC(O)NH2; Harnstoff; Helicosol; Hyanit; Isourea; Karbamid; Keratinamin; Keratinamin kowa; Mocovina; Onychomal; Panafil; Pastaron; URE; Ureaphil; Uree; Ureophil; b-I-K; beta-I-K; e927b; ur
Source Endogenous;Escherichia Coli Metabolite;Yeast Metabolite;Food;Carcinogenic Potency;Drug;Agricultural Chemicals;Cosmetic;Food additives;TCM Ingredients;Microbial
Structure Type   Ureas  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Structure Type Hierarchy)
Organic acids and derivatives
Organic carbonic acids and derivatives
Ureas
PubChem CID
1176
HMDB ID
HMDB0000294
Formula
CH4N2O
Structure
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3D MOL 2D MOL
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (External Links/Property/Function) of This Metabolite
KEGG ID
C00086
DrugBank ID
DB03904
ChEBI ID
16199
FooDB ID
FDB012174
ChemSpider ID
1143
METLIN ID
6
Physicochemical Properties Molecular Weight 60.056 Topological Polar Surface Area 69.1
XlogP -1.4 Complexity 29
Heavy Atom Count 4 Rotatable Bond Count N.A.
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 1
Function
Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat. Urea is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Protein(s) Regulating This Metabolite
      Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP)
            Solute carrier family 38 member 3 (SLC38A3) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Slc38a3
                      Induced Change Urea concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Slc38a3 leads to the increase of urea levels compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of SLC38A3
                      Induced Change Urea concentration: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of SLC38A3 leads to the increase of urea levels compared with control group.
      Apolipoprotein (Apo)
            Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Mutation (-265T >C(rs5082)) of APOA2
                      Induced Change Urea concentration: decrease (FC = 0.81)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Obesity [ICD-11: 5B81]
                      Details It is reported that mutation (-265T >C(rs5082)) of APOA2 leads to the decrease of urea levels compared with control group.
      Transferases (EC 2)
            Deacetylase sirtuin-5 (SIRT5) Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   1 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Protein   Info click to show the details of this protein
               Regulating Pair Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [3]
                      Introduced Variation Knockout of Sirt5
                      Induced Change Urea concentration: increase (FC = 1.39)
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that knockout of Sirt5 leads to the increase of urea levels compared with control group.
References
1 Loss of function mutation of the Slc38a3 glutamine transporter reveals its critical role for amino acid metabolism in the liver, brain, and kidney. Pflugers Arch. 2016 Feb;468(2):213-27.
2 Epigenomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of the APOA2-saturated fat intake interaction affecting obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Jul 1;108(1):188-200.
3 Metabolomics Based Identification of SIRT5 and Protein Kinase C Epsilon Regulated Pathways in Brain. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jan 30;12:32.

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