Details of Protein

General Information of Protein (ID: PRT00337)
Name AMP-activated kinase alpha-2 (PRKAA2)
Synonyms   Click to Show/Hide Synonyms of This Protein
AMPK subunit alpha-2; Acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase; ACACA kinase; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase; HMGCR kinase; PRKAA2; AMPK; AMPK2
Gene Name PRKAA2 Gene ID
5563
UniProt ID
P54646
Family Transferases (EC 2)
EC Number   EC: 2.7.11.1  (Click to Show/Hide the Complete EC Tree)
Transferase
Kinase
Protein-serine/threonine kinases
EC: 2.7.11.1
  Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (Sequence/Structure/Function) of This Protein
Sequence
MAEKQKHDGRVKIGHYVLGDTLGVGTFGKVKIGEHQLTGHKVAVKILNRQKIRSLDVVGK
IKREIQNLKLFRHPHIIKLYQVISTPTDFFMVMEYVSGGELFDYICKHGRVEEMEARRLF
QQILSAVDYCHRHMVVHRDLKPENVLLDAHMNAKIADFGLSNMMSDGEFLRTSCGSPNYA
APEVISGRLYAGPEVDIWSCGVILYALLCGTLPFDDEHVPTLFKKIRGGVFYIPEYLNRS
VATLLMHMLQVDPLKRATIKDIREHEWFKQDLPSYLFPEDPSYDANVIDDEAVKEVCEKF
ECTESEVMNSLYSGDPQDQLAVAYHLIIDNRRIMNQASEFYLASSPPSGSFMDDSAMHIP
PGLKPHPERMPPLIADSPKARCPLDALNTTKPKSLAVKKAKWHLGIRSQSKPYDIMAEVY
RAMKQLDFEWKVVNAYHLRVRRKNPVTGNYVKMSLQLYLVDNRSYLLDFKSIDDEVVEQR
SGSSTPQRSCSAAGLHRPRSSFDSTTAESHSLSGSLTGSLTGSTLSSVSPRLGSHTMDFF
EMCASLITTLAR
Structure
2H6D ; 2LTU ; 2YZA ; 3AQV ; 4CFE ; 4CFF ; 4ZHX ; 5EZV ; 5ISO ; 6B1U ; 6B2E ; 6BX6
Function Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively. Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3. Involved in insulin receptor/INSR internalization. AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160. Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SREBF1, SREBF2 and PPARGC1A. Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm. In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription. Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating TSC2, RPTOR and ATG1/ULK1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2. In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ATG1/ULK1. In that process also activates WDR45. AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it. May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it. Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1. Plays an important role in the differential regulation of pro-autophagy (composed of PIK3C3, BECN1, PIK3R4 and UVRAG or ATG14) and non-autophagy (composed of PIK3C3, BECN1 and PIK3R4) complexes, in response to glucose starvation. Can inhibit the non-autophagy complex by phosphorylating PIK3C3 and can activate the pro-autophagy complex by phosphorylating BECN1.
Regulatory Network
Full List of Metabolite(s) Regulating This Protein
      Organic acids and derivatives
            Leucine Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Regulating Pair(s):   2 Pair(s)
               Detailed Information Metabo  Info click to show the details of this metabolite
               Regulating Pair (1) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [1]
                      Introduced Variation Leucine decrease (24 hours)
                      Induced Change PRKAA2 protein phosphorylation levels: increase
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12]
                      Details It is reported that leucine decrease causes the increase of PRKAA2 protein phosphorylation compared with control group.
               Regulating Pair (2) Experim Info click to show the details of experiment for validating this pair [2]
                      Introduced Variation Leucine addition (1 hours)
                      Induced Change PRKAA2 protein phosphorylation levels: decrease
                      Summary Introduced Variation         Induced Change 
                      Disease Status Healthy individual
                      Details It is reported that leucine addition causes the decrease of PRKAA2 protein phosphorylation compared with control group.
References
1 Leucine deprivation increases hepatic insulin sensitivity via GCN2/mTOR/S6K1 and AMPK pathways. Diabetes. 2011 Mar;60(3):746-56.
2 Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2007 Jul 15;582(Pt 2):813-23.

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